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","9cd008d4-a1e3-4d95-bc83-c8f72123bfd6","https:\u002F\u002Fimage.simplecastcdn.com\u002Fimages\u002Fc1af004b-c08d-4fdb-8247-733833165591\u002F8eab1bcd-c2be-491f-acea-271e6bfeceb6\u002Fcropped_1789916071304.jpg","2026-09-20T15:07:41.000Z","https:\u002F\u002Fwnyc.org\u002Fbrowse\u002Fshows\u002Fepisode\u002Fsimplecast\u002F9cd008d4-a1e3-4d95-bc83-c8f72123bfd6","\u002Fbrowse\u002Fshows\u002Fepisode\u002Fsimplecast\u002F9cd008d4-a1e3-4d95-bc83-c8f72123bfd6","https:\u002F\u002Fpscrb.fm\u002Frss\u002Fp\u002Fmgln.ai\u002Fe\u002F14\u002Fprfx.byspotify.com\u002Fe\u002Fdts.podtrac.com\u002Fpts\u002Fredirect.mp3\u002Fwaaa.wnyc.org\u002F74534b9f-9c27-42d3-9183-3196f9b552ab\u002Fepisodes\u002F9cd008d4-a1e3-4d95-bc83-c8f72123bfd6\u002Faudio\u002F128\u002Fdefault.mp3?awCollectionId=74534b9f-9c27-42d3-9183-3196f9b552ab&awEpisodeId=9cd008d4-a1e3-4d95-bc83-c8f72123bfd6",345,"2026-09-20T11:07:41-04:00",{"slug":640,"type":515,"simplecastId":631},"cleanup-of-njs-passaic-river-inches-forward",{"brand":642},{"title":290,"logoImage":643},{"url":593},{"label":645,"url":646},"Find more stories","https:\u002F\u002Fwnyc.org\u002Fbrowse\u002Fshows\u002Fwnyc-news\u002F",{"id":648,"type":433,"value":649},"89b984ca-4e14-4f23-be79-5d384b506fd6",{"label":650,"layout":651,"list":652,"seeMoreLink":288},"Personalities Banner","personalities-banner",{"id":653,"title":654,"listItems":655},88,"ZZZ - Personalities List",[656],{"id":657,"title":9,"tease":9,"type":658,"listingTitle":9,"listingDescription":9,"socialTitle":9,"seoTitle":9,"searchDescription":9,"cmsSource":459,"url":288,"shareUrl":288,"section":659,"rawBody":9,"hasAudio":11,"contentType":658,"body":9},1038130864,"card",{},{"id":661,"type":433,"value":662},"3f6bddd4-6325-4cf4-85bb-1b895a6f9a11",{"label":663,"layout":664,"list":665,"seeMoreLink":771},"Top stories from NPR","vertical-feature",{"id":666,"title":667,"listItems":668},89,"NPR.org Top Stories",[669,691,710,730,752],{"id":670,"uuid":670,"title":671,"publicationDate":672,"publishAt":672,"updatedDate":672,"tease":673,"description":673,"image":674,"imageFullWidth":675,"imageFullHeight":675,"leadImageCaption":676,"cmsSource":677,"audio":288,"hasAudio":11,"type":678,"estimatedDuration":288,"meta":679,"showTitle":390,"showSlug":288,"body":680,"rawBody":680,"link":681,"shareUrl":682,"authors":683},"nx-s1-5977646","Trump's D.C. arch is now a military complex. Here's how that complicates things","2026-09-22T15:25:05.97-04:00","The future of Trump's D.C. arch was already fraught. Then he rebranded it as a military complex. Experts say that only raises more legal and logistical questions.","https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F4000x4000+1318+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcf%2F88%2F2dd440194230ba71770b742b97a0%2Fgettyimages-2283779980.jpg",4000,"National Guard Members walk near a replica of President Trump's proposed arch at the Great American State Fair on the National Mall in Washington, DC, in July.","npr","npr_article",{"firstPublishedAt":672,"slug":670},"\u003Cp>President Trump's weekend announcement that his proposed D.C. arch will double as a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F20\u002Fnx-s1-5975449\u002Ftrump-washington-dc-arch-military-complex-snipers-drones\" target=\"_blank\">top grade Military Complex\u003C\u002Fa>\" has raised even more questions about the controversial structure — and the already-fraught approval process.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Trump wrote Sunday on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftruthsocial.com\u002F@realDonaldTrump\u002Fposts\u002F117303154231930646\" target=\"_blank\">Truth Social\u003C\u002Fa> that the 250-foot structure will \"house, store, and have the rapid ability to use large numbers of drones, plus Snipers, on both the roof and plaza areas,\" in addition to storing ammunition.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>It's a far cry from the administration's original vision for the arch, which Trump \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2025\u002F10\u002F16\u002Fnx-s1-5576506\u002Fpresident-trump-arch-us-250th-anniversary\" target=\"_blank\">first unveiled\u003C\u002Fa> last October.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>At the time, he told journalists it was being built to honor \"me.\" The administration has since characterized it as a tribute to the United States' 250th anniversary and a tourist attraction.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"The Triumphal Arch in Memorial Circle is going to be one of the most iconic landmarks not only in Washington, D.C., but throughout the world,\" the White House has repeatedly told NPR, as recently as Tuesday.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>National Park Service \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fparkplanning.nps.gov\u002Fdocument.cfm?documentID=151576\" target=\"_blank\">renderings\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcfa.gov\u002Frecords-research\u002Frecord-cfa-actions\u002F2026\u002F05\u002Fcfa-meeting\u002Fminutes\" target=\"_blank\">presentations\u003C\u002Fa> touted an observation deck with views of Arlington National Cemetery and the National Mall, potentially including a cafe and gift shop. Those were approved by the Trump-packed Commission of Fine Arts in May.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But the word \"military\" did not surface until earlier this month, when Interior Secretary Doug Burgum announced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002Fsecretaryburgum\u002Fstatus\u002F2095587973907755133?s=46&t=-aXH-trF90w0ZZmr0Jj8kg\" target=\"_blank\">on social media\u003C\u002Fa> that excavation work would soon begin at the \"Great Triumphal Arch and Military Observation Deck.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>That announcement drew immediate pushback — and a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F04\u002Fnx-s1-5957459\u002Ftrump-arch-excavation-lawsuit-veterans\" target=\"_blank\">judge's intervention\u003C\u002Fa> — because it still needs a final green light from the National Capital Planning Commission. That cannot happen until other federally required historic preservation reviews are completed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Historic preservation advocates have long said that the process was moving too quickly, and are now struggling with what to make of Trump's abrupt about-face.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"So suddenly, to take a resource that was not about security at all … and now turn that on its head, it seems to me we're back to square one because we're reviewing a different facility than when this started,\" said Charles Birnbaum, CEO and founding president of the Cultural Landscape Foundation, one of the outside groups involved in the historic preservation review.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>As part of that process, the National Park Service last week asked preservation groups to provide feedback by Monday on its proposed \"Memorandum of Agreement\" (MOA) to move forward with the arch. Birnbaum told the agency over email — and reiterated to NPR — that \"we view this MOA as DOA [dead on arrival].\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Birnbaum called the process \"whiplash-inducing.\" He said the next steps are unclear, especially since a fortified military site would presumably require additional measures, from fencing to security, that have not come before federal panels yet.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The White House, Interior Department and National Park Service did not respond to NPR's questions about plans to submit new proposals for review. The Federal Aviation Administration also referred questions to the White House.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The FAA had just released findings on Friday of a monthslong evaluation, concluding that the arch — which would stand directly in the approach path into D.C.'s main airport — would not \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fnx-s1-5950462\u002Ftrump-arch-dca-planes-safety-concerns-faa\" target=\"_blank\">pose a risk to airspace\u003C\u002Fa>. But that review did not take into account the presence of military drones, as noted by U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, a Virginia Democrat.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"Putting a drone launching site directly in the landing path for DCA is a stupid, dangerous, and unworkable idea,\" Beyer said in a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Focumentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=9224\" target=\"_blank\">statement Tuesday\u003C\u002Fa>. \"But if Trump wants to pursue it, the FAA's prior work over the past six months to rubber stamp this proposal with a dubious safety study will be obsolete, and they will have to do it all over again.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-pym-loader data-child-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.npr.org\u002Fdailygraphics\u002Fgraphics\u002Fdca-arch-satellite-20260922\u002Findex.html\" id=\"responsive-embed-dca-arch-satellite-20260922-index\"> Loading... \u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cscript src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpym.nprapps.org\u002Fnpr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003C\u002Fscript>\u003Cp>\u003Ch3>Will the national security argument work for Trump again? \u003C\u002Fh3>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The arch was already facing legal questions, including about its compliance with D.C. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F07\u002F09\u002Fnx-s1-5884728\u002Ftrump-arch-height-act-commission-meeting\" target=\"_blank\">building height limits\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>It's also the subject of an ongoing lawsuit: A group including three \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F06\u002F10\u002Fnx-s1-5851587\u002Ftrump-arch-veterans-arlington-national-cemetery\" target=\"_blank\">Vietnam War veterans\u003C\u002Fa> sued earlier this year over its lack of Congressional approval. The administration has not sought it, citing a 1925 law that allowed for the construction of a pair of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsah.org\u002F2026\u002F06\u002F02\u002Fsah-statement-on-proposed-monumental-arch-in-memorial-circle-in-washington-dc\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">166-foot columns\u003C\u002Fa> at that location that were ultimately never built.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The lawyer representing the veterans, Nicolas Sansone of Public Citizen Litigation Group, said \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citizen.org\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-law-is-clear-trumps-vanity-arch-cannot-move-forward-without-congressional-approval\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">in a statement\u003C\u002Fa> Sunday that \"the President's new justification for this wildly unpopular construction does nothing to cure its fundamental illegality.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Trump said in his post that he agreed to convert the arch into a military complex \"at the strong request of the United States Military, and for national security purposes.\" A Pentagon spokesperson told NPR it had nothing to add beyond Trump's post.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Harold Hongju Koh, a former State Department legal advisor who now teaches international law at Yale Law School, called Trump's justification \"laughable and pretextual.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"If there are dangers to which you need to have drones and snipers … Why don't you just move them there now? Why do you need to build an arch?\" Koh asked. \"Secondly, if the arch is what's creating the national security problem, so much that you need to have these mobile protections on board, then just don't build the arch.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Koh said that if Trump is truly concerned about a threat on the National Mall, he should hold a classified briefing to that effect and ask Congress to militarize the existing monuments. But he thinks it's more likely that Trump is playing the national security card in the hopes of boosting his case in court.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It's the lipstick he puts on every pig,\" Koh said. \"Immigration is for national security. Terrorists are for national security. Building a border wall is for national security. Building a ballroom is for national security.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Trump administration has argued that construction of its White House ballroom must continue for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F08\u002F14\u002Fg-s1-138810\u002Ftrump-white-house-ballroom-construction-scotus\" target=\"_blank\">national security purposes\u003C\u002Fa>, citing the military complex it plans to build underneath. The Supreme Court \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F01\u002Fnx-s1-5950587\u002Fsupreme-court-trump-white-house-ballroom-separation-powers\" target=\"_blank\">allowed construction to continue\u003C\u002Fa> in a ruling earlier this month, citing issues of plaintiffs' standing rather than the project's underlying legality.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But experts are skeptical that a national security argument can be made for the arch, especially since the structure would stand a stone's throw from both the Pentagon and Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"The difference is that the bunker reflects a widely accepted need to protect the president. It's bipartisan,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F21\u002Fnx-s1-5975462\u002Ftrump-says-his-d-c-arch-will-serve-as-military-complex-with-snipers-and-weaponry\" target=\"_blank\">said Mark Cancian\u003C\u002Fa>, a retired Marine Corps colonel and military expert at the Center for Strategic International Studies. \"There doesn't seem to be any need — there certainly hasn't been any need articulated beforehand — about why this facility would need drones and snipers.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Koh and others interviewed by NPR believe the administration is rushing to start construction before the November midterm elections, which could shift the makeup of Congress and potentially bring the arch to a halt.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>On Tuesday, a group of lawmakers — five Democrats and one Independent — \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.heinrich.senate.gov\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fheinrich-demands-trump-admin-immediately-halt-construction-of-trumps-250-foot-arch\" target=\"_blank\">wrote a letter\u003C\u002Fa> to Burgum demanding that the administration stop work on the arch. They questioned its legality and cited the Trump administration's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F08\u002F06\u002Fnx-s1-5919628\u002Ftrump-arch-location-historic-sites-nps?\" target=\"_blank\">own findings about its negative impacts\u003C\u002Fa> on Arlington National Cemetery and other nearby historic sites.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"Putting the President's ego ahead of these memorials adds another stain on this administration's legacy,\" they wrote.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F22\u002Fnx-s1-5977646\u002Ftrump-dc-arch-military-complex-questions","https:\u002F\u002Fwnyc.org\u002Fnpr\u002Fnx-s1-5977646",[684],{"id":685,"firstName":686,"lastName":687,"organization":390,"organizationUrl":288,"name":688,"photoID":288,"jobTitle":689,"biography":288,"website":9,"email":9,"slug":690,"url":9,"socialMediaProfile":288},"776048102","Rachel","Treisman","Rachel Treisman","Reporter, General Assignment","\u002Fpeople\u002F776048102\u002Frachel-treisman",{"id":692,"uuid":692,"title":693,"publicationDate":694,"publishAt":694,"updatedDate":694,"tease":695,"description":695,"image":696,"imageFullWidth":697,"imageFullHeight":697,"cmsSource":677,"audio":288,"hasAudio":11,"type":678,"estimatedDuration":288,"meta":698,"showTitle":390,"showSlug":288,"body":699,"rawBody":699,"link":700,"shareUrl":701,"authors":702},"nx-s1-5977872","The 2026 Booker Prize shortlist is 'writing at its best'","2026-09-22T15:01:16.488-04:00","This year's shortlist is made up of former Booker winners and debut authors, with tales spanning a wide range of genres, from historical fiction to campus novel to dystopian fiction.","https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F1366x1366+439+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2Fb5%2F24f7cb1243ffa8e79e20f250db1e%2Fshortlist.jpg",1366,{"firstPublishedAt":694,"slug":692},"\u003Cp>This year's Booker shortlist is made up of tales spanning a wide range of genres, from historical fiction to campus novel to dystopian fiction.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Past Booker Prize winners Marlon James and Douglas Stuart find themselves on the shortlist again with their latest works, \u003Cem>The Disappearers \u003C\u002Fem>and \u003Cem>John of John\u003C\u002Fem>, respectively. And Elizabeth Strout is also back as a finalist for the prize again, this time for \u003Cem>The Things We Never Say\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"These novels range from the hilarious to the discomfiting, from the frighteningly strange to the alarmingly domestic, from the powerfully shocking to the intriguingly understated,\" Mary Beard, chair of the 2025 judging panel, said in a statement. \"This is writing at its best.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The six shortlisted authors receive a special bound copy of their book and a £2,500 prize (about $3,300). The winner, announced on Nov. 9, is awarded a trophy and £50,000 (about $66,600).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This year's Booker shortlisters are:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>The End of Everything\u003C\u002Fem> by M. John Harrison\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Known for his science fiction, Harrison has written 13 novels and a number of short story collections. In \u003Cem>The End of Everything\u003C\u002Fem>,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2026\u002Fjun\u002F09\u002Fthe-end-of-everything-by-m-john-harrison-review-near-future-visions-from-an-sf-master\" target=\"_blank\"> he creates\u003C\u002Fa> a post-apocalyptic world where the main character collects and sells treasures washed up on the shores of the English Channel – until he comes across something unusual.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>The Disappearers\u003C\u002Fem> by Marlon James \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>James won the Booker Prize in 2015 for \u003Cem>A Brief History of Seven Killings\u003C\u002Fem>. \u003Cem>The Disappearers,\u003C\u002Fem> his fifth book, is also longlisted for the National Book Award this year. It's about a hateful mob attack on a group of gay men putting on a play in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1988, when homophobia was rampant.\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F14\u002Fnx-s1-5968146\u002Fnprs-book-of-the-day-marlon-james-the-disappearers\" target=\"_blank\"> James told NPR in an interview\u003C\u002Fa>, \"this attack in the book was based on an incident which I knew in my gut happened. I just couldn't prove it.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>Black Bag\u003C\u002Fem> by Luke Kennard\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Kennard is a poet and the author of three novels. The narrator of Kennard's book finds himself hidden in the titular black bag in the back of a professor's classroom. The novel is based on an actual experiment from 1967. In an interview with NPR, Kennard explained that a professor is testing the \"mere-exposure effect\" – \"the idea that we become fond of things just by encountering them over and over again even if we dislike them at first.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>May We Feed the King\u003C\u002Fem> by Rebecca Perry\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Perry, a poet, makes the list with her debut novel. The book looks at the story of a reluctant king and how his life is remembered, through the eyes of a curator. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2026\u002Fjan\u002F23\u002Fmay-we-feed-the-king-by-rebecca-perry-review-a-dazzling-puzzle-box-of-a-debut\" target=\"_blank\">The\u003Cem> Guardian\u003C\u002Fem> called\u003C\u002Fa> it \"an ingenious novel that asks how much we can really know about history.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>The Things We Never Say\u003C\u002Fem> by Elizabeth Strout\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Strout was shortlisted in 2022 for her book \u003Cem>Oh William! \u003C\u002Fem>and she was longlisted in 2016 for \u003Cem>My Name is Lucy Barton. \u003C\u002Fem>Of her latest work, NPR critic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F13\u002Fnx-s1-5820906\u002Felizabeth-strout-pemi-aguda-book-review\" target=\"_blank\">Maureen Corrigan said\u003C\u002Fa>: \"Talk about enchantment. Every time Elizabeth Strout brings out a new novel — which is often — I think to myself: She can't pull off another great book again. And then she does.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>\u003Cem>John of John\u003C\u002Fem> by Douglas Stuart\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stuart won the prize in 2020 for his debut novel\u003Cem> Shuggie Bain. John of John\u003C\u002Fem>, his third novel, is about a father and son who share the same secret - and how religion and obligation and place play into their lives. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F04\u002Fnx-s1-5810185\u002Fin-john-of-john-father-and-son-are-gay-and-theyre-keeping-it-from-each-other\" target=\"_blank\">Stuart told \u003Cem>Fresh Air\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cem>,\u003C\u002Fem> \"I mean, I think my whole childhood was about secrets on all sorts of levels.\"\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F22\u002Fnx-s1-5977872\u002Fbooker-prize-shortlist-2026","https:\u002F\u002Fwnyc.org\u002Fnpr\u002Fnx-s1-5977872",[703],{"id":704,"firstName":705,"lastName":706,"organization":390,"organizationUrl":288,"name":707,"photoID":288,"jobTitle":708,"biography":288,"website":9,"email":9,"slug":709,"url":9,"socialMediaProfile":288},"837048276","Meghan","Collins","Meghan Collins Sullivan","Senior Editor","\u002Fpeople\u002F837048276\u002Fmeghan-collins-sullivan",{"id":711,"uuid":711,"title":712,"publicationDate":713,"publishAt":713,"updatedDate":714,"tease":715,"description":715,"image":716,"imageFullWidth":717,"imageFullHeight":717,"leadImageCaption":718,"cmsSource":677,"audio":288,"hasAudio":11,"type":678,"estimatedDuration":288,"meta":719,"showTitle":390,"showSlug":288,"body":720,"rawBody":720,"link":721,"shareUrl":722,"authors":723},"nx-s1-5977044","This 'fire amoeba' pushes the limit of what's possible for complex life","2026-09-22T12:17:37.22-04:00","2026-09-22T13:17:30.378-04:00","Scientists have found a species they've named the fire amoeba, which is capable of reproducing at 145°F and continuing to move up to temperatures of 147°F — a record for complex eukaryotic life. ","https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F656x656+266+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F98%2F97%2F5d98a1b647ebab46a93dc60e8c2c%2Fcopy-of-cell-alt-cover.jpg",656,"Introducing \u003Cem>Incendiamoeba cascadensis\u003C\u002Fem>, which translates to \"fire amoeba of the Cascade mountain range.\" This single-celled organism can replicate at temperatures up to 145°F, a new record for a complex organism.",{"firstPublishedAt":713,"slug":711},"\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foliveriolab.org\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Angela Oliverio\u003C\u002Fa>, a microbiologist at Syracuse University, studies the edge of what's possible.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"There's a very deep curiosity and desire to understand life at its limits and at its most extreme,\" she says. \"And where that boundary is and what truly are our constraints.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>It's not unlike ultra-elite athletes who push themselves \"to the absolute max of what we think is humanly possible,\" she says. \"But in this case, we're just expanding it to life more generally\" — specifically, microscopic life.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Oliverio studies organisms called extremophiles, so named because they thrive in unusually harsh conditions, like high temperatures. The title holders in this regard are simple organisms like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.asm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1128\u002Faem.68.4.1735-1742.2002\" target=\"_blank\">bacteria\u003C\u002Fa> and a group called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0712334105\" target=\"_blank\">Archaea\u003C\u002Fa>, with certain species living at or above 212°F, the boiling point of water.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foliveriolab.org\u002Fteam\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Beryl Rappaport\u003C\u002Fa>, a PhD student in Oliverio's lab, says that until now, that same ability to beat the heat has been less studied in eukaryotes — a group whose members include many different species, from humans to single-celled amoebas. These organisms have more complex cells that contain a nucleus and other structures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Rappaport says part of the reason may simply be that scientists haven't found the right eukaryotes yet. \"So few have been described, especially in detail. We have a lot to learn from them.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Now, she and her colleagues have added a remarkable new organism to the pantheon: a species they call the fire amoeba that nudges a key temperature limit for complex cells upwards by another five or so degrees. The findings were published in the journal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcell\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(26)01016-0\" target=\"_blank\">\u003Cem>Cell\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This may seem like a modest improvement, but Oliverio considers the sub-4-minute mile for runners, which was long thought to be impossible. Once one athlete achieved it, however, it was just weeks before it happened again.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It wasn't so much the incremental amount that this record was broken by, as much as the proof that it was possible,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ch3>A little cell that likes it hot\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>To make this discovery, the researchers and their colleagues went on something of a fishing expedition in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Flavo\u002Findex.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Lassen Volcanic National Park\u003C\u002Fa> in northern California.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It's one of the least-visited national parks in the US,\" says Oliverio.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It's super beautiful,\" adds Rappaport. \"Very mountainous. All of the pines. A lot of butterflies flitting around. It did experience some pretty rough fires in the past decade, so a lot of new understory growth. And then just these little steaming geothermal pockets.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>One such pocket is a tributary of a little waterway called Hot Springs Creek, \"that you would almost miss because it's surrounded by a lot of tall grasses,\" says Rappaport.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The research team decided to take some samples there by using extra-long barbecue tongs to grip a series of vials that Rappaport dipped into the steaming water.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-4 html-img\">\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F4284x3213+0+1250\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ffb%2F8d267afd479eae47c2c18801152a%2Fimg-5691.jpg\" alt=\"Beryl Rappaport takes a sample from a tributary of Hot Springs Creek in Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California.\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-1 mb-6\">\u003Cp class=\" my-0 text-xs opacity-70\">Beryl Rappaport takes a sample from a tributary of Hot Springs Creek in Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"mt-0 text-xs opacity-70 font-italic\">Kristen Skruber \u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>Later, in the lab, she put the water samples under a microscope, filmed them, and sped up the footage. And that's when she saw something moving. It seemed to protrude, retract, and fluidly change its shape — as if it were performing a single cell's version of hot yoga.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"That's definitely an amoeba,\" she recalls thinking. \"That's characteristic amoeba movement.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This amoeba, however, was able to replicate at temperatures up to 145°F. This is a new record for a complex organism. It can also continue moving around up to 147°F and protect itself in waters as hot as 158°F. When Rappaport and her colleagues studied its genome, they realized they had a new species on their hands.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The team named it \u003Cem>Incendiamoeba cascadensis\u003C\u002Fem>, which translates to \"fire amoeba of the Cascade mountain range.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ch3>An extremophile with lessons to share\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The next question the researchers investigated was how the fire amoeba can thrive at such high temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>When they compared the genome of the new species to those of other amoebas, they observed that the fire amoeba had ways of keeping its proteins and membranes stable at higher temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>It's a finding that could be used to expand the search for life. \"Thinking about not only what are the limits of life and what is possible here, but also what might be possible elsewhere,\" says Oliverio.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In addition, she argues the amoeba's temperature resilience could offer clues to help create heat-resilient crops or drugs that are stable across a wider range of temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"I can tell you from experience it's really hard to find a really cool exotic organism and actually turn it into something that has a major impact on other species,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbhattacharyalab.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Debashish Bhattacharya\u003C\u002Fa>, an evolutionary biologist at Rutgers University who wasn't involved with the research.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"But there's always the potential of finding something amazing, that's for sure,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bhattacharya says that in other extremophiles, their genomes have become more compact. \"It's called genome streamlining,\" he says, \"so they can then compete with bacteria which have smaller genomes and live in these harsh environments.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This isn't the case with the fire amoeba, which has a larger genome than its relatives. \"It's taken a different path,\" says Bhattacharya, \"so I think that's really interesting.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Oliverio finds it similarly interesting. And now that the fire amoeba has been documented, she thinks it's just the start. More scientists, she hopes, will now go looking for other complex organisms with these extreme abilities.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"Perhaps the upper temperature record will be broken again soon,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2026\u002F09\u002F22\u002Fnx-s1-5977044\u002Ffire-amoeba-extremophile-eukaryote-life","https:\u002F\u002Fwnyc.org\u002Fnpr\u002Fnx-s1-5977044",[724],{"id":725,"firstName":726,"lastName":727,"organization":390,"organizationUrl":288,"name":728,"photoID":288,"biography":288,"website":9,"email":9,"slug":729,"url":9,"socialMediaProfile":288},"297147967","Ari","Daniel","Ari Daniel","\u002Fpeople\u002F297147967\u002Fari-daniel",{"id":731,"uuid":731,"title":732,"publicationDate":733,"publishAt":733,"updatedDate":734,"tease":735,"description":735,"image":736,"imageFullWidth":737,"imageFullHeight":737,"leadImageCaption":738,"cmsSource":677,"audio":288,"hasAudio":11,"type":678,"estimatedDuration":288,"meta":739,"showTitle":390,"showSlug":288,"body":740,"rawBody":740,"link":741,"shareUrl":742,"authors":743},"nx-s1-5861910","Meet the future of the LA Philharmonic and San Francisco Symphony","2026-09-22T11:19:27.522-04:00","2026-09-22T11:20:01.445-04:00","As the classical concert season ramps up, two of America's finest orchestras will soon be led by new conductors when Daniel Harding takes over in Los Angeles and Elim Chan leads in San Francisco.","https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F5504x5504+1376+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F31%2Fdf%2F94eb166e454982f8c53e1bb5406f%2F2026-sfs-elim-chan-debut-7915-jpg-main.jpg",5504,"Elim Chan conducts the San Francisco Symphony in June. She officially takes over the orchestra as music director in September, 2027.",{"firstPublishedAt":733,"slug":731},"\u003Cp>It's September, and in the classical music world that means symphony orchestras are busy firing up their new seasons. But amidst the gala concerts, two of America's finest, the San Francisco Symphony and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15004257\u002Flos-angeles-philharmonic-orchestra\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Philharmonic\u003C\u002Fa>, are opening their 2026 seasons with one eye on the future. Both orchestras have spent the last few years painstakingly searching for new music directors and this spring they made their long-awaited announcements: British conductor Daniel Harding will take over in Los Angeles, while Hong Kong native Elim Chan will move to San Francisco.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>It will be a year before either Chan or Harding give their first official downbeat as music directors, but meeting them offers answers to some questions about these crucial choices, which took many classical music observers by surprise. What new directions, if any, might they take with their new orchestras? And how will their leadership impact the temperament and perspective of music-making not only in their own communities, but also internationally.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Conversations with the newly minted music directors quickly reveal two distinct, dynamic personalities ready to embark on their next musical journeys.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chan, who is 39 years old, is effervescent, quick to laugh and has a surprising hobby she began exploring about 10 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"I do boxing,\" she says. \"I picked up this new sport because I was looking for something really out of my comfort zone.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chan's true comfort zone is standing in front of an orchestra — which she discovered by chance. Studying at Smith College in Massachusetts (where she also took courses in forensic science), Chan was asked to step out of the collegiate choir to try her hand at conducting. That turned out to be her \"Aha!\" moment. Later, she became the first — and so far only — woman to win the Donatella Flick Conducting Competition while earning her doctoral degree at the University of Michigan.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"Elim Chan comes to us rather unknown,\" says Joshua Kosman, retired classical music critic for the \u003Cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003C\u002Fem>. \"She has had a couple of small leadership positions, made a couple of recordings. She did three different guest appearances in San Francisco over the last few years, and every one of them was just exciting beyond measure.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"user-embedded-video\">\u003Cdiv>\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002F7TSW1laLWbE\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>From an orchestra not known for taking risks when choosing music directors, San Francisco's choice of Chan is being viewed as a bold move by some.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It's different from what the orchestra has done for the last 35 years,\" Kosman notes. \"The previous three music directors have all been established, somewhat senior figures: Michael Tilson Thomas, Esa-Pekka Salonen and before that, Herbert Blomstedt.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>And they've all been men. Chan is the first woman to lead the orchestra in its 115-year history, a fact not lost on her in a male-dominated field.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"The script has always been European maestros who are at the top,\" she says. \"So in that sense, yes, it's a bold choice that San Francisco is willing to break away from this script.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-4 html-img\">\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F7339x5504+459+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F50%2F36%2F8ca6b9184db99b501abbe76288e7%2F2026-sfs-elim-chan-debut-3569-jpg-body.jpg\" alt=\"Chan signs autographs outside Davies Symphony Hall after she led a San Francisco Symphony concert on June 5.\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-1 mb-6\">\u003Cp class=\" my-0 text-xs opacity-70\">Chan signs autographs outside Davies Symphony Hall after she led a San Francisco Symphony concert on June 5.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"mt-0 text-xs opacity-70 font-italic\">Christopher M. Howard\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>That says a lot about where this orchestra wants to go in the future. A music director's relationship with an orchestra takes a long time to grow and finally blossom. When Chan first guest-conducted the San Francisco Symphony in early 2023, she didn't know quite what to expect.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"It's kind of like a date,\" she says with a laugh. \"You get to know each other. You try to impress each other a bit. And in a few hours you will see if you want another date, right?\" But something clicked between her and the San Francisco players. There was chemistry.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"The first thing I was really impressed with was the sound,\" she recalls. \"And sound for me is so attractive, because they play with such heart.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chan is well aware of the present-day problem of getting people off the couch and into the concert hall. \"I feel like we got out of touch with our audience,\" she admits. \"We just do our thing and somehow expect the audience to show up. This doesn't work anymore.\" Chan wants to convince people that coming to a concert is actually a cool experience you can't get at home or on headphones; she's promising new approaches to create a wow factor. \"That accelerating feeling that you just want to get on your feet and yell and scream, 'Bravo!' This is something I want to give the audience.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-4 html-img\">\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnpr.brightspotcdn.com\u002Fdims3\u002Fdefault\u002Fstrip\u002Ffalse\u002Fcrop\u002F4676x3507+293+0\u002Fresize\u002F{width}\u002Fquality\u002F{quality}\u002Fformat\u002F{format}\u002F?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F87%2Fa5a73ba7493885c021b7117c65e8%2F2025-08-19-hb25-rachmaninoffunderthestars-1-1mb-photo-credit-elizabeth-asher-jpg-fix-jpg-fix.jpg\" alt=\"Daniel Harding leads the Los Angeles Philharmonic in music by Rachmaninov at the Hollywood Bowl in 2025.\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv class=\"mt-1 mb-6\">\u003Cp class=\" my-0 text-xs opacity-70\">Daniel Harding leads the Los Angeles Philharmonic in music by Rachmaninov at the Hollywood Bowl in 2025.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"mt-0 text-xs opacity-70 font-italic\">Elizabeth Asher\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>\u003Ch3>A \"safer\" choice for the LA Philharmonic?\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>If Chan is the bold choice for the San Francisco Symphony, is the seasoned, 51-year-old Englishman Daniel Harding the \"safe\" choice for the Los Angeles Philharmonic?\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"I don't know that I would call it a safe choice,\" says Kosman. \"I think\u003Cstrong> \u003C\u002Fstrong>what's interesting is that in the same way San Francisco has historically gone for established senior conductors, Los Angeles has this fabled history of going for the Elim Chan types — in other words, young, unproven artists — and showing enormous success.\" Harding's predecessor, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15329418\u002Fgustavo-dudamel\" target=\"_blank\">Gustavo Dudamel\u003C\u002Fa>, took over the Philharmonic before he was 30. It almost appears that these two orchestras are swapping playbooks.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In terms of personalities, Chan presents as effusive, while Harding is, by admission, a bit more reserved but with a wry sense of humor. When asked why he might be a good fit for the Philharmonic, he pokes back instantly: \"That is a horrible question,\" he insists with a chuckle. \"You're almost asking an Englishman to say nice things about themself, which is not something we do.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Harding seems to avoid the limelight. He barely has a website. \"I'm not the guy with a million Instagram followers,\" he claims. \"That's never going to be me.\" (The actual follower count on his official Instagram is just over 2,800. Chan has 27,000.)\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Harding is all about the music. He was a wunderkind prodigy while still in his teens, when a teacher taped a rehearsal of him leading an ensemble in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15160608\u002Farnold-schoenberg\" target=\"_blank\">Schoenberg\u003C\u002Fa>'s tricky \u003Cem>Pierrot Lunaire\u003C\u002Fem>. The tape made its way to conductor \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F16224220\u002Fsimon-rattle\" target=\"_blank\">Simon Rattle\u003C\u002Fa>, who, by coincidence, was preparing the same piece. Rattle was astounded by what he heard and took Harding on as an assistant, raving about his extraordinary natural talent. The young man went on to become the assistant conductor to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F16046066\u002Fclaudio-abbado\" target=\"_blank\">Claudio Abbado\u003C\u002Fa> at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F16354188\u002Fberlin-philharmonic-orchestra\" target=\"_blank\">Berlin Philharmonic\u003C\u002Fa>, and first led that orchestra at age 21. His relationship with the Los Angeles Philharmonic goes back some 30 years.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"I love the gardening side of being a music director,\" Harding says with a smile in his voice. \"And I think that the creativity and the energy and just the level of everything that goes on in LA, it's fertile ground.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Harding last led the Philharmonic in the summer of 2025, in the luxurious Second Symphony by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15438778\u002Fsergey-rachmaninov\" target=\"_blank\">Rachmaninov\u003C\u002Fa> at the Hollywood Bowl. \"I found the orchestra so incredibly responsive, willing and generous in terms of what they offered musically,\" he recalls. \"I don't know how you describe it, but there is a thing where you just say, 'This is right.'\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Like Chan for San Francisco, Harding for Los Angeles caught the classical music world off guard.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"He's not all that well-known more broadly,\" Kosman says. \"He's not an established figure like Riccardo Muti, but he does have a track record. And I'm eager to see what he does with [the LA Philharmonic], which has this tradition of iconoclasm and discovery.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv class=\"user-embedded-video\">\u003Cdiv>\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FxMWAfnFxlH4\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Harding's career has been spent primarily in Europe — 19 years leading the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, with whom he made a solid catalog of recordings, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F91363658\u002Fhector-berlioz\" target=\"_blank\">Berlioz\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15033230\u002Fjohannes-brahms\" target=\"_blank\">Brahms\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15228868\u002Fbela-bartok\" target=\"_blank\">Bartok\u003C\u002Fa>, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15327819\u002Fwolfgang-amadeus-mozart\" target=\"_blank\">Mozart\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F15232481\u002Fludwig-van-beethoven\" target=\"_blank\">Beethoven\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fartists\u002F18825931\u002Ffelix-mendelssohn\" target=\"_blank\">Mendelssohn\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"He's one of these guys, like Simon Rattle, who just apparently can do anything he puts his hand to, which I think is an impressive achievement,\" Kosman notes.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Another impressive achievement is Harding's side hustle. He's a licensed pilot who flies commercial jetliners for Air France. And he has an offer for his colleague Elim Chan — with one condition.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\"I'm very happy to take Elim in the airplane any time she wants,\" he proposes. \"But I'm absolutely not going to get into a boxing ring with her in return.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These two very individual conductors are poised to take over two of America's great orchestras, and in doing so, help to chart the course of symphonic music made in America. Neither Chan nor Harding fit the mold of the old school authoritarian. \"That old European man with a mustache and an attitude, that has ceased to be the default model for what we want in a music director,\" Kosman says. \"And that, I think, is the important breakthrough.\"\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Time will tell just what kind of breakthrough it is for the San Francisco Symphony and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. 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